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Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin, which occurs as phylloquinone and menaquinones. Observational studies showed that a high menaquinone intake is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, which may be explained by reduced vascular calcification. However, associations differ for different forms of vascular disease; while a high menaquinone intake decreases the risk of coronary heart disease and peripheral arterial disease, it is not associated with the risk of stroke. This could be due to different locations of calcification, the intimal or medial layer of the artery. An ongoing randomised controlled trial investigates whether Vitamin K supplementation reduce arterial calcification.