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Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 isolated from Taiwanese fermented cabbage can increase exercise performance, muscle mass, and anti-fatigue effects, and enhance glucose utilization to increase endurance exercise time by increasing the number of gastrocnemius muscle type I fibers. These benefits represent that gut microbiota contribute to the host metabolic phenotype to affect physical activity in terms of energy balance and body composition. Therefore, TWK10 is suggested to use in humans who focus on aerobic endurance training for protective and health purposes.